‘越心’草莓组培突变体着色差异的分子机理初探

初步探讨了在‘越心’草莓（Fragaria × ananassa‘Yuexin’）茎尖离体培养再生植株中发现的稳定变异突变体着色差异的分子机理。分析结果显示，突变体与‘越心’在植株形态、始花期、始果期、始熟期、单果质量、平均株产、果形、风味等方面均无明显差异；而突变体外果皮色泽较淡，L*值较高，a*值较低，H色度角值较大，颜色指数CIRG显著小，且果肉不着色（‘越心’果肉红色）。突变体果实总花青苷含量为‘越心’的13.2%，其中以天竺葵素–3–O–葡萄糖苷（Pg3G）含量差异最大，突变体Pg3G含量仅为‘越心’的12.9%。花青苷合成途径结构基因FaF3H、FaCHS、FaDFR、FaANS、FaCHI、Fa3GT的表达水平在突变体中显著降低，这可能是突变体成熟果实花青苷水平显著低于‘越心’的直接原因。FaMYB10和FaMYB1在突变体中的表达水平显著下降，且FaMYB10在几个主成分中的特征向量绝对值均显著较高，进一步证实了MYB10是草莓成熟过程中花青苷合成的类黄酮或苯丙烷类化合物途径主要调节因子之一。提取叶片基因组DNA进行基于KASP标记的基因分型结果显示，74对KASP引物在‘越心’草莓及其突变体中的基因分型不存在差异。本结果初步证实突变导致参与调控花青苷合成途径的关键基因表达发生显著下调从而使花青苷积累显著减少，果实着色变淡。     

苹果花脸病田间病情发展及ASSVd在组培条件下的传播

为了明确苹果锈果类病毒（apple scar skin viroid，ASSVd）引起的苹果花脸病在田间的病情发展情况以及ASSVd在组培条件下的传播方式，2012—2015年对河北省顺平南神南村3个果园进行持续调查和检测。结果显示，果园A、B、C的显症率分别从3.00%、19.35%和10.00%上升至10.00%、34.41%和22.00%，带毒率分别从11.00%、20.43%和14.00%上升至23.00%、37.63%和30.00%，带毒率和显症率都逐年增加，而且带毒率大于显症率，即有些带毒果树不显症。发病果树田间分布有明显的发病中心。通过高通量测序发现显症果树ASSVd vsiRNA reads数是带毒未显症reads数的4.08倍，同时实时荧光定量PCR检测发现显症树ASSVd病毒积累量显著高于带毒未显症树。以携带ASSVd的组培苗和无毒组培苗为试材，利用RT-PCR检测明确了ASSVd可通过伤口沾染带毒汁液、组培剪污染、含毒培养基、根系接触进行传播，其中根系接触传染率较高。     

欧洲葡萄‘粉红亚都蜜’NAC基因DRL1负向调节植物抗旱性

以欧洲葡萄‘粉红亚都蜜’（Vitis vinifera‘Yatomo Rose’）为材料，利用荧光定量PCR技术和转基因技术研究葡萄NAC转录因子DRL1基因对逆境的响应。欧洲葡萄‘粉红亚都蜜’在激素和逆境胁迫下，DRL1表达呈下降趋势，其中以ABA和干旱胁迫处理最为显著。在ABA处理下DRL1转基因烟草株系种子萌发率和根长均高于野生型。干旱处理下，转基因植株对干旱的耐受性降低，同时胁迫相关基因NtLEA5、NtP5CR1、NtPSCS1、NtERD10C和NtDREB3的表达水平比野生型显著下降。此外，DRL1转基因烟草茎中柱发育受到抑制，尤其是导管横切面积仅为野生型的58%。以上结果表明，DRL1基因可能作为1个负向调节子参与植物的干旱胁迫。     

香菇的药用价值及其产品开发前景

近年来,香菇因不仅能满足于人们的营养需求,同时还具有保健及药用价值,而越来越受到人们的青睐。从香菇的有效成分、药理作用和产品开发3个方面进行阐述,以期为指导香菇食用、产品开发和产业发展提供参考依据。     

昌邑生姜发展(栽培)现状及存在问题调研

为进一步提高生姜生产技术水平，对昌邑市生姜产业相关情况开展了调查，通过调查昌邑市生姜主栽品种、栽培方式、合理密度、适时覆盖和撤掉遮阳网、适时适度覆土、合理生长期和生长状况等栽培情况，发现存在植株过高或过矮、分枝数偏少、块茎过长过短和过宽过窄、块茎及各姜球质量差距大、地上茎叶过旺或过弱、地上地下部分生长不平衡等栽培问题，并结合实际提出了选择好良种和栽培方式、计划好种植密度、掌握好遮阳网的覆盖和撤掉时机、把握好覆土厚度和时间、做好生姜生长期综合统筹管理等建议。     

2000年以来中国苹果产业发展趋势分析

对2000年以来我国苹果生产、消费和贸易情况进行分析发现,我国苹果生产区域布局较为稳定,生产高度集中于苹果生产优势区域。苹果生产效率大幅提升,不断满足城乡居民对苹果的消费需求,城乡差距不断缩小,苹果产品贸易顺差进一步扩大。但苹果生产成本利润率显著下降,消费者对苹果品质及营养也提出了更高的要求,苹果生产面临成本、质量等方面的挑战。与此同时,苹果生产中技术服务、农业保险等社会化服务也有了初步发展,未来苹果生产将进一步向高效、优质、社会化发展。     

vvi-miR160s介导VvARF18应答赤霉素调控葡萄种子的发育

【目的】研究vvi-miR160家族（vvi-miR160s）及其靶基因在‘魏可’葡萄种子发育过程中的作用,探究其应答赤霉素（GA）调控葡萄果实无核的潜在机理。【方法】采用miR-RACE、生物信息学分析、RT-qPCR、RLM-RACE等方法,鉴定vvi-miR160家族成员及其靶基因,分析vvi-miR160s及其靶基因应答GA的时空表达模式及其潜在功能。【结果】花前GA处理强烈抑制‘魏可’葡萄胚珠及种子发育,高效诱导其无核,且无核率达99.8%。克隆鉴定了VvMIR160s前体基因序列（501 bp）及成熟体序列,且它们在不同物种间具有较高的保守性;基于vvi-miR160s序列,预测到靶基因VvARF18,利用RLM-RACE技术检测到vvi-miR160s对VvARF18的裂解位点在第10和第11位之间,裂解频度9/17,证明VvARF18是vvi-miR160s的真实靶基因。该靶基因编码683个氨基酸,在398—411位存在核定位信号,且该蛋白亚细胞定位于细胞核上。VvARF18与其他物种间序列的同源保守性较高,基因结构相似,其中VvARF18蛋白与茶、烟草、梅花等物种亲缘关系较近。VvARF18启动子中包含4种作用元件,且含有较多激素相关元件。RT-qPCR结果显示,随着葡萄果实的发育,vvi-miR160c/d/e呈现‘V’形表达趋势,在硬核种子发育期表达较低,而VvARF18表现出与前者相反的表达趋势,在硬核种子发育期呈现高表达,表明vvi-miR160c/d/e对VvARF18负调控,但vvi-miR160a/b与VvARF18表达水平却不存在明显负相关。GA处理极显著地上调了vvi-miR160a/b在葡萄硬核种子发育期的表达,同时也显著抑制了VvARF18在同时期的表达,且它们的表达水平呈负相关,表明GA处理促进了vvi-miR160a/b对VvARF18的负调控作用;相反,GA减弱了vvi-miR160c/d/e对VvARF18的负调控作用。【结论】在vvi-miR160家族中,vvi-miR160c/d/e可能介导VvARF18在葡萄种子发育的特定阶段调控种子的发育形成,而vvi-miR160a/b可能主要介导VvARF18参与调控GA诱导葡萄种子败育的过程。     

Effects of dietary supplementation of Haematococcus pluvialis powder on gonadal development,coloration and antioxidant capacity of adult male Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis)

The green algae Haematococcus pluvialis is an important source of natural astaxanthin as feed additive. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of H. pluvialis powder on gonadal development, coloration and antioxidant capacity of adult male Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis, and four experimental diets were formulated to contain 0, 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% of H. pluvialis powder. There were four treatments (defined as D1~D4) in this study and each treatment had three replicates. Dietary H. pluvialis contents had no significant effects on survival, body weight gain rate and gonadal development of male E. sinensis. For colour parameters, the total carotenoids content in carapace and hepatopancreas as well as hepatopancreatic lightness (L*) and carapace redness (a*) increased significantly with increasing dietary H. pluvialis (p < 0.05). For the antioxidant indices in the serum, D4 had the lowest activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD), but the highest glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), while the malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum and hepatopancreas decreased significantly with the rising content of dietary H. pluvialis (p < 0.05); D1 had the highest levels of SOD, POD and GSH‐Px in hepatopancreas. For the non‐specific immune indices, the highest activities of acid phosphatase (ACP) and γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase (γ‐GT) were found on the serum of D3 and D4 (p < 0.05). D1 had the highest levels of ACP and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in hepatopancreas, while D2 and D3 had the lowest levels of ALP and ACP respectively. These results suggested the optimal dietary natural astaxanthin level was around 40 mg/kg diets.     

Natural bixin as a potential carotenoid for enhancing pigmentation and colour in goldfish (Carassius auratus)

Discovering natural carotenoids for colour enhancement and health benefits of fish is important to develop new feed formulations. We have purified natural bixin from achiote seeds and evaluated the effect of colour enhancing and pigmentation in goldfish. Varying levels of bixin‐based diets were prepared with 420 g kg^?1 of crude protein and 120 g kg^?1 of lipid content. Our results clearly showed that bixin (0.05, 0.10, 0.20 and 0.60 g kg^?1) based diets significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced the skin and fin colour at 30 and 60 days compared to diet without bixin. Interestingly, diet which contains 0.20 g kg^?1 bixin and commercial feed (with astaxanthin) had similar effect on carotenoid deposition in skin. Moreover, total carotenoid deposition in fin was higher than in skin of all bixin‐containing diets. However, 0.60 g kg^?1 bixin‐containing diet had lower specific growth rate (1.01 ± 0.01) and higher feed conversion ratio (2.05 ± 0.19) compared to the control group. The present results demonstrate that achiote bixin can be successfully used as an alternative natural carotenoid source against synthetic astaxanthin in fish feed. Our data indicate that 0.20 g kg^?1 is a suitable dietary level of bixin to ensure strong pigmentation, acceptable growth and feed utilization in goldfish.     

深水网箱和池塘养殖凡纳滨对虾肌肉营养成分的比较分析

对深水网箱和池塘养殖凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)肌肉常规营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸质量分数进行了比较分析。结果显示:1)网箱养殖对虾肌肉粗蛋白质量分数显著高于池塘养殖(P0.05),而水分、粗脂肪和粗灰分质量分数无显著差异(P0.05);2)肌肉中检测到18种常见氨基酸,网箱养殖对虾肌肉氨基酸总量(TAA)、天门冬氨酸(Asp)、异亮氨酸(Ile)、精氨酸(Arg)和脯氨酸(Pro)质量分数显著高于池塘养殖(P0.05),而必需氨基酸(EAA)、半必需氨基酸(HEAA)、鲜味氨基酸(DAA)和虾味氨基酸(PFAA)两者无显著差异(P0.05);3)肌肉中检测到30种常见脂肪酸,两者的饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)、多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)、n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(EPA和DHA)质量分数差异显著(P0.05),以网箱养殖对虾较高;两者的棕榈酸(C16∶0)质量分数最高,且网箱养殖对虾EPA+DHA质量分数是池塘养殖的1.90倍。结果表明,网箱养殖对虾营养成分要优于池塘养殖,具有较高的营养价值。